Understanding Self-Injury in Bipolar Disorder

Understanding Self-Injury in Bipolar Disorder Bipolar Disorder Symptoms Depression Print The Link Between Self-Harm and Bipolar Disorder By Marcia Purse Marcia Purse is a mental health writer and bipolar disorder advocate who brings strong research skills and personal experiences to her writing. Learn about our editorial policy Marcia Purse Updated on September 27, 2019 Bipolar Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes Treatment Living With In Children Your Rights asiseeit/ Getty Images Self-injury is the act of hurting ones body without the intention of suicide. While self-injury is an entirely distinct behavior from suicide, it is often seen as a red flag in persons may likely attempt suicide at a later date. Non-suicidal self-injury can take many different forms including cutting, burning, scratching, abrasion, punching, and headbanging. More severe cases have involved bone-breaking, self-amputation, and permanent eye damage. Self-injury is a symptom associated with different forms of psychiatric illness, including major depressive cycles of bipolar disorder. Other causes include borderline personality disorder, eating disorders, and dissociative disorders. Demographics of Self-Injury Self-injury is seen more frequently in younger people with as many as 15 percent of teens and 17 to 35 percent of college students engaging in self-injurious behavior.  The rate of self-injury is pretty much split down the center between women and men. However, the types of behavior differ considerably between sexes with women more likely to cut and men more likely to punch or hit themselves. Adolescent psychiatric inpatients have the highest rate of self-harm, ranging from as low as 40 percent to as high as 80 percent, depending on the study. Among older psychiatric patients, the rate hovers between two to 20 percent. Psychiatric Disorders Linked to Self-Injury While rates of self-injury are higher in persons undergoing psychiatric care, the form and severity of the behavior can vary significantly. Four specific psychiatric disorders are strongly linked to self-injury: Major Depressive Disorder (MDD):  MDD is linked to self-injury in 42 percent of adolescents undergoing psychiatric care. MDD is a characteristic feature of  bipolar I disorder  and one that is more likely to persist if left untreated. In those diagnosed with persistent depression (dysthymia), one in eight will inflict self-injury as a suicide gesture wherein there is no actual intent to die. Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD):  BPD is the one condition most associated with self-injury, occurring in up to 75 percent of cases. Self-injury is seen as a means of mood regulation, with 96 percent saying that their negative moods were relieved immediately following an act of self-harm. Dissociative Disorders:  Dissociative disorders are those characterized by feelings of being mentally and sometimes physically disengaged from reality. Most are related to extreme emotional trauma and can manifest with acts of self-punishment for an event the person feels responsible for. Around 69 percent of those diagnosed with dissociative disorder engage in self-injury. Eating Disorders:  Bulimia and anorexia nervosa, are also linked to self-injury in 26 to 61 percent of cases. Self-punishment is seen as the rationale behind many of these behaviors. Causes of the Impulse for Self-Harm Because there are many different mental disorders associated with self-injury, its difficult to explain why you may experience an impulse to harm yourself. With that being said, in most cases, self-harm is related to negative feelings before the act, leading to a desire to relieve anxiety or tension. Self-harm has also been linked self-punishment, sensation-seeking (often expressed as the desire to feel something when emotionally numb), or suicide avoidance (using pain as a relief valve for an otherwise self-destructive emotion). Treatment of Self-Injury Associated With Psychiatric Disorders Treating self-injury as a manifestation of a deeper disorder is complex. On the one hand, you want to minimize the physical harm while understanding that you cant do so without treating the underlying condition. The process involves the structured assessment of the persons attitudes and beliefs, essentially to understand self-injury from his or her perspective. Treatment involves counseling and the use of medications to treat the underlying disorder, whether it be bipolar depression,  BPD, or a combination of disorders. In some cases, the anti-seizure drug Topamax (topiramate) can reduce the incidence of self-injury when prescribed alongside a mood stabilizer. Positive results have been achieved in persons diagnosed with both BPD and bipolar I disorder as well as those with BPD and bipolar II disorder. The 9 Best Online Therapy Programs

America Must Be A Civil War Against Our Democratic Government

Yglesia is illustrating that America will crumble down at some point. With all the social, and political issues facing our society, I agree with his statement. I believe that there would be a civil war against our democratic government. The government members take advantage of their power in some situations. Some concepts should be altered.Most people are starting to notice the unfairness and somewhat â€Å"corrupt† actions government takes. The process as to vote for laws or presidents in this country and others are not the most thoughtful and reasonable procedures. For example, if deadlocks were removed from our democracy, it would be a better system. My two examples on this subject are the immigration law by Obama and the Honduran President Zelaya trying to alter the constitution. Gridlocks are illustrated in the article as a cause on why the democratic government is unfair. Gridlocks is a an argument or proposed law ending in no decision. 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Importance Of Project Management For Nurse Students

This assignment tended to teach practical skill of project management for Nurse Informaticist student. Nurse informaticist student examined various project in healthcare literatures that are published and interviewed an experienced person who handled projects in healthcare industry. The interview and the literature provided a step-by-step process how to identify a project, set up goals that could be achievable, and meet the goal. With this stimulated discussion that is real-life scenario, the writer has gained lessons that will apply and reflect the skill in the future healthcare projects. Project management is an important skill for any industry but for healthcare it is a way of improving patient’s lives, and health. Project management also helps to save healthcare industries a lot of money by effectively applies resources. So analyzing the important skills by interview and reading literatures is valuable for nurse informatics student. 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Becoming a Human and the Transformative Power of Grace Free Essays

Becoming a human has both a philosophical and theological inclination. For Hegel, becoming is the unity of being and nothing. It means that being exist out of nothing and this being undergone a process of development which made the being a becoming. We will write a custom essay sample on Becoming a Human and the Transformative Power of Grace or any similar topic only for you Order Now So becoming means the being in transit, or in the coming to be. Theologically however, becoming means more than the existence of being out of nothing. Becoming means not only transformation; it is a movement from one condition to another (Wawrykow, p.  22). Becoming involves change and development. Applying becoming to human being therefore speaks of the origination of the human beings, which was simply nothing as being come out of nothing and what men will be is still a becoming. In theology and religion, becoming a human usually apply to Jesus Christ as God who became man. In Saint Paul’s letter to the Philippians chapter two, verse. 7 referring to Jesus, Paul says â€Å"but made himself nothing,† Here the essence of becoming is clearly manifested. It was from this situation that Jesus became human and Paul goes on to say that when Jesus became nothing he was becoming a human â€Å"taking the very nature of a servant† verse 7. Jesus previous condition according to Paul is that he was â€Å"in the very nature of God† Verse 6 in which he has moved to a different condition of becoming a human being. In his letter to the Romans, Paul describes the human condition in Chapter 3 verse 23, as being lost in sin and had fallen short of God’s Glory. Paul categorically said that all have sin and God will punish everyone with sure death because of the sins committed. The gravity of man’s sins according to Saint Paul is that even men knew God â€Å"they neither glorified him as God, nor gave him thanks† Chapter 1 verse 21. Thus, Jesus becoming a human is an act of grace made available by God to human being. This is clearly explained by Paul in chapter 6 verse 23, which says, â€Å"For the wages of sin is death but the gift of God is eternal life in Christ Jesus our Lord† (NIV). Here there are two theological discussions involve about the condition of human being. First, all human beings according to Paul have fall into sin and deserved God’s punishment. Andrew Purves and Charles Partee call this fallen condition as depravity. Although depravity for them does not mean of total abandonment of God of the human being, they pointed out that human depravity means, â€Å"nothing about us is beyond the reach of sin. In other words, all the human faculties are exposed to sin and are indeed contaminated by sin. Paul admits this in Romans Chapter 7: 14-25, in his confession of his condition with sin contaminating all his being. Paul confessed that he wants to good but he cannot do the good he wants but the evil the he do not want to do. In verse 23 Paul explained that the reason of his struggle is that there is another law at work in him. Paul said, â€Å"But I see another law at work in the members of my body, waging war against the law of my mind and making me prisoner of the law of sin at work within the members of my body† Romans 7: 23. Because of this condition of the human being, Paul emphasized that there is an extreme need for human being to be rescued from the fallen condition. Theologians call this as redemption. This was exactly the purpose of Christ’s human becoming which Paul explained in his letter in Philippians chapter 2. G. M. Newlands contends that Jesus life, death, and resurrection were in relation to humanity in order to be reconciled to God. Newlands pointed out, â€Å"It is through the transformative humanity of Jesus Christ that we recognized the divinity within him† (p. 107). He meant that God is not only compassionate on the human being’s predicament but also the source of effective transformation. The nature of God’s grace according to William B. Arnold, there are two important manifestations of God’s grace. According to him, God’s grace Comes to us â€Å"freely and without dependence on our asking† (p. 30). Paul in Romans Chapter 5 verse 8 explains this, Paul says â€Å"But God demonstrates his own love for us in this: While we were still sinners, Christ died for us. † Arnold pointed out that God’s transformative grace is God’s initiative. The implication of God’ transformative grace in human being is that it reconciled man to God, in a way that his fallen nature has been restored to its former condition prior to his fall in to sin. Paul stated in Romans chapter 11 verses 30 that gentile people had been at one time disobedient to God â€Å"have now received mercy as result of their disobedience. † Conclusion Human becoming must be seen in the context of Jesus intension of taking human dorm and live a human life, and die on the cross for the forgiveness of sin and for the redemption of humanity from the fall to sin. The transformative grace of God has been the God’s initiative and the proof of God’s love for his creation, as he did not totally leave humans just by them selves despite of their sins. The transformative grace is the grace of God that enables human to able to be united with God, through the work of the Holy Spirit. It is also the saving grace of God given to human being through the life, death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ, that who ever believes in him shall not perish but have eternal life, John 3: 16. He be then a new creation and his old fallen nature is gone I Corinthians 6:17. Work Cited Arnold, Williams. Introduction to Pastoral Care. Pennsylvania, USA: The Westminster Press, 1982. Newlands, George M. Christ and Human Rights: The Transformative Engagement. England: Ashgate Publishing Limited, 2006. Purves, Andrew and Partee, Charles. Encountering God: Christian Faith in the Turbulent Times. USA: Westminster John Knox Press, 2000. Wawrykow, Joseph Peter. The SCM A-Z of Thomas Aquinas. London: SCM Press, 2005. John 3: 16 Romans 1:21 Romans 3:23 Romans 5:8 Romans 6:23 Romans 7:14-25 Romans 11:30 I Corinthians 6:17 How to cite Becoming a Human and the Transformative Power of Grace, Papers

Kenilworth Castle Essay Example

Kenilworth Castle Paper From the beginning of the 11th Century Kenilworth had just a lone watchtower atop the rocky knoll where the Stone Keep sits today. In this chapter I will describe the changes made to Kenilworth Castle over time, what, why and how affected these changes and who influenced their construction. In 1120 the first major building work took place at Kenilworth, a Motte and Bailey castle was built on the rocky, gravely hill in the place of the old Watchtower, fifty two years after a Motte and Bailey structure had appeared down the road at Warwick. The first tenant of Kenilworth Castle was Geoffrey De Clinton, after being granted the royal manor of Stoneleigh, he needed to defend himself against his neighbours the earls of Warwick. Between 1174-84 a heated political feud between Henry II and his son boiled over, resulting in Kenilworth Castle and others being provisioned and garrisoned by Henry. At this time the castle was rebuilt in stone, in Kenilworths case red sandstone, a material easily come across in the area. Built with thick walls, latest state of the art defences such as Slit windows, parapets, a secure water supply and a single spiral staircase leading up the keep. We will write a custom essay sample on Kenilworth Castle specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Kenilworth Castle specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Kenilworth Castle specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The whole structure was crafted upon a sandstone plinth, heightening the keep further. The keep was an oblong shape building with square towers. It was designed this way to spread the Keeps weight; the idea was that attackers couldnt mine the wall down. Within the walls were also a chapel, stables, kitchen and hall, making the castle self-sufficient. Henrys motive for this mammoth renovation of the castle was to arm the castle in case of further rebellions and uprisings in the area. Circa 1190-99 Richard I granted Kenilworth Castle the right to hold jousting tournaments, a permanent tiltyard was constructed near the castle gatehouse. At this time, jousting and imitation warfare were popular attractions. Around 1210-15, King John further extended the castle; an additional perimeter wall was added along with towers to protect strategic points in the defence. The original ditch was filled in and replaced with a larger outer one. A small river was dammed nearby in order to flood the new ditch to create a mere, a kilometre long and wide, surrounding the castle. This was done to add defensibility to the castle and later on in the castle history, used for recreational use, such as sailing. In 1253 the De Momforts held out in the Castle for 9 months as the crown laid siege to the castle when the family turned against the King in the baronial war. 1389-94 was a period of stability. After the signing of the Magna Carta and the death of King John but Kenilworths towers suggest readiness in case if civil unrest. At this point John Of Gaunt owned the castle and aims to increase the castles prestige and opulence. Kenilworth now started to become a grand residence, as John Of Gaunt demonstrates his wealth by building the Great Hall an impressive ornamental room, built for meetings, banquets and administration. The hall was built in the latest style and contained many luxurious features new to the time. The building was equipped with kitchens, chambers and a chapel. John Of Gaunt also built three new towers all with symmetrical roof patterns to match the Great Hall. These three towers The Strong, Saint Lowe and Gaunts Tower were built to cater nobles residing at the Castle, rather as defensive features. All these new features were to show his power and wealth, and to bring nobles to his residence.

Types of insurance and performance measurement of insurance companies Essays

Types of insurance and performance measurement of insurance companies Essays Types of insurance and performance measurement of insurance companies Essay Types of insurance and performance measurement of insurance companies Essay Chapter 3: LITERATURE REVIEW Insurance concern involves a batch of hazard because it provides screen against future uncertainness that clients will confront either in their ordinary life or in the class of making concern. Insurance services vary with the types of hazard against which a client wishes or intends to see. This chapter is a reappraisal of literature concentrating on the types of insurance and public presentation measuring of insurance companies. The remainder of this chapter is organized as follows. Section one is about categorization of insurance. Section two discusses the public presentation of insurance companies based on grounds on extant literature. Section three briefly discusses the impact of corporate administration on insurance companies’ public presentation. Section four reports the research spread. 3.1 Insurance Categorization Insurance can be grouped into three chief classs viz: ( 1 ) Life Assurance, ( 2 ) General Insurance and ( 3 ) Re-Insurance ( Financial Stability Forum, 2000 ) . Life Assurance Life confidence purposes to counterbalance the insured beneficiaries’ in the event of his/her decease. Unlike general insurance, life confidence is different ( Brockettet Al., 1994 ) . The fund to counterbalance life confidence client is generated from the premium contributed by the insured. Because mortality rate is comparatively low in many states ( both developed and emerging ) unanticipated eventuality as loss of life is besides comparatively low. In this vena Carson ( 2000 ) contends that life confidence companies are financially stable and that could be seen from their fiscal studies. The growing of industry at all degrees ( runing from primary, secondary to third ) has entailed the demands for new insurance services under the umbrella of life confidence. For case Gracia ( 2001 ) suggests that industrialisation has called for the demands for employee pension fund, cash-back life confidence policy and life confidence with place loans installations. In developed economic systems there are newer merchandises in footings of investings which possible life insured can put. General Insurance General insurance covers all insurances other than life confidence ( Meador et al, 2000 ) . Because of the assorted merchandises that general insurance offers and the chance of the hazard is unsure, risk-taking is higher ( Mansor and Radam, 2000 ) . Recent concern development in emerging economic systems like India, China, Brazil and Russia has significantly driven the general insurance market. Yao et Al ( 2007 ) contends that China has recorded an one-year addition of about 25 per centum in general insurance over the last decennary. Re-insurance Existing literature provides different definitions of re-insurance and re-insurers. This is because of its complex characteristics ( Cole and McCullough, 2008 ) . In a nutshell, reinsurance is the insurance for insurance companies. It provides an insurance screen to the insurance companies which have undertaken a legal contract to see clients for life or general intent insurance. Reinsurance may be regarded as the intensive attention unit of the insurance companies. By buying reinsurance, the insurance companies have taken protection against immense losingss that could lure to bankruptcy. It is compulsory for all insurance concern across the Earth to buy re-insurance policy. 3.2 Performance Measurement Extant literature in accounting and finance has chiefly used the fiscal studies to measure public presentation of any concern organisation in any sector including the insurance sector. Some have used the conventional ratio analysis attack whereas others have tended to sophisticate their attack by utilizing a set of selective indexs which they argue pertain to a specific sector. For case the CARAMELS theoretical account which is besides used by the World Bank to find public presentation of houses in the non-banking fiscal services sector. CARAMELS comprise of a series of ratios computed from the fiscal studies to measure public presentation. Both faculty members and practicians argue that fiscal studies are the most appropriate and relevant beginning of informations to measure public presentation of a house ( Nguyen, 2004 ) because they are prepared harmonizing to proper accounting criterions every bit good as audited in conformity with relevant auditing criterions ( Boolaky, 2012 ; B oolaky, et Al, 2013 ) . Ratio Analysis Conventional fiscal ratios are used to mensurate the underwriting public presentation of insurance companies. Harmonizing to Angoff ( 2005 ) the loss ratio represents the pure cost of insurance coverage as opposed to the disbursal ratio which is the non-claims-related activities of the insurance company. The amount of these two ratios the combined ratio therefore reports the effectivity and efficiency of underwriting operations ( Bergeret Al., 1992, Cummins and Danzon, 1997, and Hoyt and Powel, 2005 ) . Ratio analysis is a fiscal analysis tool to dissect a fiscal study in instance one needs to cognize how good or bad a company is making. They provide utile indexs for determination devising ( Watsonet al. ,2002 ) . Management uses ratios to measure public presentation in each map of the company whereas analysts use them to make up ones mind on their pick of investing. Regulators use ratio analysis as one of their supervisory tools. Ratios provide signals about hazard degree in the company. Using ratios it is possible to find public presentation during both good and bad old ages. Frequently analysts use a set of ratios when carry oning clip series public presentation analysis of companies ( Worrell, 2004 ) . Hirao and Inoue ( 2004 ) uses cost ratio to measure efficiency and effectivity of insurance sector in the Nipponese context whereas Bikker and Bos ( 2008 ) use the conventional ratio of profitableness to measure efficiency of Bankss. Fiscal Reporting for insurance concern has some extra revelation demands over and above the normal revelation model. In this context any insurance company has to follow with the International Financial Reporting Standards ( IFRS ) 4: Accounting for Insurance Contracts. However, ratios remain the footing for analyzing the public presentation of these companies ( Liu, 2009 ) . Below is a description of some cardinal ratios used in the literature to measure insurance company public presentation. Long Term Stability Any company has to hold sufficient capital to go on concern. In the instance of insurance concern, it is required by jurisprudence that each insurance company meets the capital adequateness threshold. Any company in the industry will be considered insolvent if it does non hold the minimal capital demand ( Sterling, 2000 ) . Klumpes ( 2004 ) uses a set of public presentation benchmarking in fiscal services sector with particular mention to the life insurance industry in the UK and draws attending on the importance of solvency, reinsurance every bit good as investings made by the insurance companies when measuring the fiscal wellness of an insurance company. Solvency is measured by comparing the assets and the liabilities of a company. Brockett et Al ( 1998 ) suggests that it is the safety valve of the insurance company which it can utilize to protect itself against any unanticipated vagaries. In the context of Mauritius any company including insurance has to go through the solvency trial set by the companies Act 2001 in add-on to the capital adequateness trial of the Insurance Act. The intent of modulating solvency both for the long and short term is to extenuate the hazard associated with market failures ( Fenn et al, 2008 ) . In general insurer‘s capital must be capable of supplying screens to any hereafter hazard event ( Daset Al., 2003 ) . Asset Backing The strength of a company rests in its assets. This implies both non-current and current assets of the companies. In the context of insurance sector because insurance is itself investing concern, the more diversified is its investing portfolio the more stable and less hazardous is the concern. Generally insurance companies would be given to follow a low geartrain policy in order to guarantee that is assets may be used in the event of a ruinous state of affairs. In this context all insurance companies are led to follow a conservative fiscal geartrain policy. Furthermore variable such as investing in existent belongings and its possible to bring forth hard currency are of import. If the ability to bring forth hard currency from existent belongings is low so the hazard associated with those assets are considered high. However if they can be easy converted into hard currency to settle debts so they will be considered as less hazardous ( Jeng et al, 2007 ) . Profitableness Profitableness is defined as the ability of a concern entity to bring forth net income. It is measured by a figure of ratios such as net net income border, return on assets, return on equity, assets turn over. Extant literature has used these ratios to show public presentation of concern entities including insurance concern. In the insurance sector Berger and Mester ( 1997 ) concentrate more on standard net income efficiency instead than normal net income. They argue that the efficiency of net income is a more comprehensive step of insurance public presentation than cost efficiency. Harmonizing to them gain efficiency measures the firm’s ability to recognize maximal net income under a given status. Yuan and Phillips ( 2008 ) argue that alternate net income efficiency assesses alteration in a firm’s net incomes adjusted for random mistake. Efficiency alterations depend on direction attempts and environmental variables. When comparing standard net income efficiency with alternate net income efficiency, the latter uses the variable end product measures than variable end product monetary values. Many other research workers have worked on net income efficiency of insurance companies ( see Berger et Al, 2000 ; Ward, 2002, Klumpes, 2004 ; Jarraya and Bouri, 2013 ) . 3.3 Corporate Administration and Performance There are several surveies which have investigated the consequence of corporate administration on insurance companies’ public presentation. Cummins and Weiss ( 2000 ) suggest that stock companies and common financess public presentation differs because of different corporate administration attack. They argue that common companies are characterized by lower managerial discretion as opposed to stock companies. Greene and Segal ( 2004 ) reveal that common companies and stock companies are both cost efficient. But others argue that common companies are least efficient than stock companies ( Diboky and Ubl, 2007 ) . Hardwick et Al ( 2004 ) look into the relationship between size of the board of managers and insurance houses efficiency and infer that there is a direct relationship between the two variables. Hyraxet Al. , ( 2003 ) suggest that effectual direction is an of import driver of the fiscal strength of an insurance company. Furthermore, unsound efficiency indexs could bespeak possible jobs in the direction of proficient and investing hazards. Boolaky ( 2007 ) investigates how conformity with corporate administration codification by the fiscal services sector in Mauritius contributes towards effectual public presentation. His survey was based on the whole population of the fiscal services houses and he drew informations from their one-year studies. His findings suggest that houses with higher conformity degree are more effectual and efficient. 3.4 Research Gap Research on the insurance sector is really rich around the universe. Some research workers have investigated the bureau hazard in the insurance concern whilst others have delved into determiners of public presentation. But bulk of these surveies were confined to big economic systems including developed, emerging and developing economic systems. As yet there is no published survey on the insurance sector of Mauritius and in peculiar on the public presentation development of this sector. My undertaking aims to make full the spread by carry oning a clip series analysis on the public presentation of three cardinal insurance companies in Mauritius over a period of 50 old ages. Ratio analysis is used to calculate the public presentation indexs and unit root trial to look into for stationarity. More inside informations are given in chapter 4- Research Methodology.

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